Worldwide, coal is primarily burned in power stations to produce electricity. The UK stopped burning coal to produce electricity in October 2024. The UK continues to use coal in industry. See the drop down industries and products below to find out more about each.
Some rural areas in the UK also rely on coal for household heating but this is reducing.
The use of coal makes these industries carbon-intensive, both in the mining and burning of coal (except in water filtration). Scunthorpe steelworks is the UK's second largest single-site source of CO2. This undermines the UK's emission reduction targets. It's vital that these industries decarbonise by finding coal-alternatives in their industrial processes.
WORLDWIDE
The direct use of coal as a feedstock (not just energy) is particularly significant in China, where coal is used extensively in coal to gasification plants to produce chemicals such as methanol, ammonia, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In 2017, China's chemical industry alone used about 180 million tonnes of coal as feedstock, which constituted about 5% of China’s total coal use that year.
China is unique in its heavy reliance on coal for chemical manufacturing, accounting for a large share of global coal-to-chemicals production. For example, 89% of methanol and 76% of ammonia production in China is coal-based, and producing 1 tonne of methanol from coal requires about 2.7–3 tonnes of coal.
India is also expanding its coal gasification capacity, with government plans to gasify 100 million tonnes (MT) of coal annually by 2030
In contrast, other major chemical-producing regions (Europe, North America, Middle East) primarily use natural gas or crude oil as feedstocks rather than coal.
UK
There is negligible or close to zero coal gasification industry in the UK as of 2025: over the past 20 years, gasification projects have focused on waste or biomass, rather than coal.
WORLDWIDE
Global brick production was estimated at 2.18 billion tonnes in 2020, resulting in approximately 500 million tonnes of CO2e (1% of current global GHG emissions). Brick production could rise to 3.35 billion tonnes by 2050. Approximately 375 million tonnes of coal are used globally per year in brick production, mostly as fuel to heat kilns. Research indicates that coal is added to clay bricks at rates of 1–15% by weight of the clay mixture.
Switching from coal to alternative fuels, together with more efficient kilns, will lead to reduced CO2 emissions.
UK
Heating brick-firing ovens in the UK uses a mix of natural gas, electricity, coal and coke, diesel and LPG fuels. The primarily for use of coal in bricks, though is as an additive to colour it. According to coal mining company, Energybuild Ltd, UK brickworks consume approximately 70,000 tonnes per year of additives, which includes coal.
Annual tonnage of anthracite coal used by the UK brickmaking industry is not made public but the proportion used within the UK generally falls within the range of 1–5% of the brick mix by weight, depending on the desired product characteristics. This contributes to the high emissions released from the raw brick materials upon firing.
WORLDWIDE
Activated carbon is typically made from charcoal (wood) and is a common filtration medium in water treatment systems. It can be manufactured from other sources, with anthracite coal being a common source. Alternatives include nutshells. These sources are first processed into activated carbon through high-temperature treatment to create a porous structure suitable for adsorption
The global market for coal-based activated carbon was valued at approximately USD 4.44 billion in 2024, with demand driven by applications in air purification and water treatment.
Alternatives to the traditional sand/activated carbon dual medium to filter water include glass, garnet, magnetite, and other materials.
UK
The exact annual tonnage of anthracite coal used by the UK water filtration industry is not made public but it does use both domestically mined and imported coal.
WORLDWIDE
The cement industry consumes around 4% of global coal production, which amounts to approximately 330 million tonnes per year. Most of this coal is combusted to generate the heat required to fire the kilns to about 1450c to create the chemical reaction that produces cement. Roughly 0.5 tonnes of coal are needed to produce 1 tonne of cement.
Coal in cement production is primarily used as a fuel to heat kilns, but it can also serve as a minor feedstock in the form of fly-ash for introducing carbon into the clinker. Fly ash is used as a substitute for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) used in cement production, and can actually increase the concrete durability, reducing the need for replacement. By using waste coal fly ash as a substitute for kiln-based ‘clinker’ in cement production, the cement industry can significantly reduce its carbon footprint. Post-consumer waste can also be used to both reduce the coal used to heat the kilns and to produce the fly-ash input, helping to decouple coal from the cement industry.
UK
Over 95% of UK concrete is produced in the UK. UK cement manufacture has begun switching from traditional fossil fuels such as coal and petcoke to the use of waste, waste biomass and waste part- biomass fuels. These alternative fuels now account for 43 per cent of the fuel used (2020), replacing the equivalent of half a million tonnes of coal every year. This means 1.16 million tonnes of coal would be used if it weren’t for replacement fuels, and 660 thousand tonnes of coal is still used in UK cement manufacture.
UK carbon dioxide emissions from concrete and cement were 7.3 million tonnes in 2018; around 4.4 million tonnes of this was ‘process emissions’ from clinker production, 2.2 million tonnes from fuel combustion and the remainder from electricity use and transport. This puts direct and indirect emissions at 53% lower than 1990. UK concrete and cement accounted for around 1.5% of UK carbon dioxide emissions in 2018. UK Government research indicates that the elimination of fossil fuels should be possible with no negative impact on clinker quality, kiln stability or build-up issues, but plant-specific modelling would be required. If coal used as a fuel and clinker input was switched for alternatives at all cement plants in the UK, the annual CO2 saving would amount to over 2 million tonnes of CO2.
WORLDWIDE
The steel industry produces 9% of the annual CO2 emitted globally, contributing significantly to climate change. This is largely due to the reliance on coking coal in primary steel production. 4 of the 5 biggest global steel producers aim to reach carbon neutral steel production by 2050, using green hydrogen instead of coal.
UK
Scunthorpe Steelworks still relies on coal-based steel production, and is the second biggest single site emitter of CO2 in the UK. Port Talbot steelworks recently closed to convert to using electricity to recycle scrap steel, decoupling it from coal inputs. The other two large steel producers – Liberty Steel and Celsa also recycle scrap steel in ‘electric arc furnaces’.
To keep up with global decarbonisation trends, Scunthorpe steelworks needs to decarbonise as well. If not, customers aiming to reach their own climate goals will likely choose to import lower carbon steel from other European countries like Sweden and Spain who are pursuing low-emissions steelmaking projects.
Read more about coal in steel in our 2021 report.
Graphite is a naturally occuring substance used in everything from pencils to batteries. Anthracite is one of several suitable carbon-heavy materials that can be used to make artificial graphite. If anthracite is used to make artificial graphite, it must be heated to extreme temperatures of 1,000c for ‘baking’ and up to 4,000c for ‘calcination’ to remove impurities making up 8% of the anthracite. This stabilises the artificial graphite end product. The heating would release greenhouse gasses in a similar way to if it were burned for household heating.
This process can be avoided by using natural graphite and scrap graphite. The UK doesn’t manufacture any artificial graphite and UK demand is also relatively low: “UK is a small net importer of natural and synthetic graphite”.
New report from Coal Action Network. Coal in Steel provides background information to campaigns against proposed new coking coal mines and considering how coal needs to be phased out of steel production.
Dear [insert name here],
I am writing to you with regards to your potential involvement in the Woodhouse Colliery at Whitehaven, Cumbria, and other coking coal projects. I am one of many people concerned that West Cumbria Mining is seeking insurance for the mine via the Lloyd’s of London marketplace. Michaele Hawkins has informed me that she believes that the West Cumbria Mine is not currently insured through the Lloyd’s market. We would like [name of insurance company] to go one step further and commit to not ever insuring this new mine, and no other future coking coal mine.
Woodhouse Colliery will be the first new deep coal mine in the UK for 30 years. There has been strong opposition to the project on environmental grounds. The Woodhouse Colliery will result in huge CO2e emissions. We cannot open new coal mines and avoid catastrophic climate change. This mine will extract 2.78 million tonnes of coal per year and is not compatible with the Paris Agreement or the UK 6th Carbon Budget.
Following a push from community campaigners, Robert Jenrick Secretary of State has called a Public Inquiry to look more closely into the project. In September 2020 Robert Jenrick ruled out the Highthorn opencast coal mine citing its environmental and climate impacts. This shows how the issues raised by campaigners are not only of local relevance, but they are nationally and internationally relevant.
Further to this, coal is the biggest contributor to anthropogenic climate change. Climate change is affecting communities in the Global South first and hardest, despite they are not the ones who have caused the problem. In the Global North, is it communities of colour and working class communities that are on the frontlines of climate change. The climate crisis is a justice issue.
We believe you should not insure the Woodhouse Colliery and any new coking coal mines on the following grounds:
We hope you will be able to take a clear stance and rule out insuring the Woodhouse Colliery and any new coking coal mine.
Please could you confirm receipt of this email. I look forward to hearing your response.
Yours sincerely,
[Your name]
Names and emails of the directors of insurance companies that have not ruled out insuring the West Cumbria mine:
Name | Contact | |
AEGIS Managing Agency Limited | William Hillman, Senior Vice President & Chief Underwriting Officer | williamhillman@aegislimited.com |
Allied World Managing Agency Limited | Darren Powell, Active Underwriter, | darren.powell@awac.com |
Alpha Insurance Analysts Limited | James Sparrow, Managing Director and Analyst | james@aianalysts.com |
AmTrust Syndicates Limited | Alex Christians, Underwriting Director | alex.christians@anv.eu.com |
Antares Managing Agency Limited | Jim Lyle, Head of Energy & Terrorism | jlye@qicglobal.com |
Apollo Syndicate Management Limited | David Ibeson, CEO | david.ibeson@apollounderwriting.com |
Arch Underwriting at Lloyd's Ltd | Hugh Sturgess, CEO | hsturgess@archinsurance.co.uk |
Argenta Private Capital Limited | see below | below |
Argenta Syndicate Management Limited | David Monksfield, Chairman, | david.monksfield@argentagroup.com |
Argo Managing Agency Limited | David Snowden, SVP Group Communications | david.snowden@argogroupus.com |
Ark Syndicate Management Limited | Ian Beaton, CEO | ian.beaton@arkunderwriting.com |
Ascot Underwriting Limited | Andrew Brooks, CEO | andrew.brooks@ascotuw.com |
Aspen Managing Agency Limited | Jamie Lewis - Head of London Aspen Re, jamie.lewis@aspen-re.com +442071848319 | jamie.lewis@aspen-re.com |
Asta Managing Agency Limited | Julian Tighe j.tighe@asta-uk.com CEO, Keith Nevett k.nevett@asta-uk.com Head of Business Development | j.tighe@asta-uk.com |
Atrium Underwriters Limited | Richard Harries, CEO | Richard.Harries@atrium-uw.com |
Axis Managing Agency Ltd | Victoria Rodrigues da Costa, Senior Underwriter | victoria.rodriguesdacosta@axiscapital.com |
Barbican Managing Agency | David Reeves, CEO | david.reeves@barbicaninsurance.com |
Beazley Furlonge Limited | Sally Lake, Group Finance Director | sally.lake@beazley.com |
Brit Syndicates Limited | Brian Randall, Energy Director | brian.randall@britinsurance.com |
Canopius Managing Agents Limited | Rachel Sabbarton, Head of Energy | Rachel.Sabbarton@canopius.com |
Capita Managing Agency Limited | Simon Sykes, CEO | CSIS.enquiries@capita.com |
Catlin Underwriting Agencies Limited (owned by AXA) | Sean McGovern, CEO at Lloyd's | sean.mcgovern@axaxl.com |
Chaucer Syndicates Limited | Ed Lines, Active Underwriter, Syndicate 1084
Michael Dawson, Active Underwriter, Syndicate 1176 |
ed.lines@chaucerplc.com |
Chubb Underwriting Agencies Limited | Evan G. Greenberg, CEO | evan.greenberg@chubb.com |
CNA Hardy | Jalil Rehman, CEO | Jalil.Rehman@cnahardy.com |
Endurance at Lloyd's Limited | Julian James, CEO | jjames@sompo-intl.com |
ERS Syndicate Management Limited | Peter Bilsby, CEO | peter.bilsby@ers.com |
Faraday Underwriting Limited | Tom Shelley, CEO | tom.shelley@faraday.com |
Hamilton Managing Agency Limited | Adrian Daws, ceo | adrian.daws@hamiltongroup.com |
Hampden Agencies Limited | Stephen Harris, CEO | Stephen.harris@hampden.co.uk |
HCC Underwriting Agency Ltd | Susan Rivera, CEO | srivera@tmhcc.com |
Hiscox Syndicates Limited | Kate Markham, CEO | kate.markham@hiscox.com |
Lancashire Syndicates Limited | Alex Priestly, Head of Energy | alex.priestley@lancashiregroup.com |
Liberty Managing Agency Limited | Matthew Moore, President | matthew.moore@libertyglobalgroup.com |
Managing Agency Partners Limited | Chris Smelt, ED | csmelt@mapunderwriting.co.uk |
Markel Syndicate Management Limited | Paul Jenks, ED | paul.jenks@markelintl.com |
MS Amlin Underwriting Limited | Chris Beazley, CEO | Chris.Beazley@msamlin.com |
Munich Re Syndicate Limited | James Grainger, Head of Energy & Aerospace | jgrainger@munichre.com |
Navigators Underwriting Agency Limited | Tim Ryan, Head of wholesale business | timothy.ryan@thehartford.com |
Nephila Syndicate Management Limited | Richard Oduntan, CEO | richard.oduntan@nephila.com |
Newline Underwriting Management Limited | Andrew Higgins, Senior Underwriter | AHiggins@newlinegroup.com |
Premia Managing Agency Limited | Bill O'Farrell, CEO | bofarrell@premiareus.com |
QBE Underwriting Limited | David Harries - Director of Financial Market | david.harries@uk.qbe.com |
RenaissanceRe Syndicate Management Limited | Bryan Dalton, CUO | bmd@renre.com |
Riverstone Management Limited | David Pearson, Head of Delegated Authority & Client Management | david.pearson@rsml.co.uk |
S.A. Meacock & Company Limited | Matthew Bartlett, CEO | matthew.bartlett@sameacock.com. |
Sirius International Managing Agency Limited | Robert Harman, CEO | robert.harman@siriusgroup.com |
Starr Managing Agents Limited | James Johnson, Head of Power | James.johnson@starrcompanies.com |
Talbot Underwriting Ltd | Chris Rash, CEO | Paula.Storey@talbotuw.com |
The Channel Managing Agency Limited | Stuart McMurdo | smcmurdo@scor.com |
Tokio Marine Kiln Syndicates Limited | Nick Hutton-Penman, Deputy Group CEO | nick.hutton-penman@tokiomarinekiln.com |
Travelers Syndicate Management Limited | Nick Rnjak | nrnjak@travelers.com |
W.R.Berkley Syndicate Management Limited | Alastair Blades, CEO | ablades@wrbunderwriting.com |
We welcome everyone, regardless of life or organising experiences, in this space. We believe each of us has something to contribute to the struggle for climate justice, and much to learn from others.
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In particular, we take into account these principles:
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Be aware of your own privileges. Societies has raised us with hidden hierarchies, which play up in organising spaces. Actively challenge them. Be aware of how much space you are taking, and who you are excluding as a consequence.
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Community accountability. We are all accountable for respecting these principles. If you notice something in breach of this policy, raise it with the safer spaces policy rep: daniel@coalaction.org.uk
Right now, Lloyd’s of London is insuring climate wrecking coal mines, tar sands pipelines and power stations, across the world. Insurers can single-handedly stop fossil fuel projects, but have failed for decades to take action in the face of a climate emergency.
Lloyd’s accounts for 40% of the total global energy insurance premium and is a key influencer in the global insurance industry. Send Lloyd’s a message to act on the climate emergency, not act as the last refuge for climate wreckers to secure insurance!
Even in a year of lockdowns and restrictions, people across the world are standing up to Lloyd’s, and it’s working.
Leading the charge has been the #StopAdani movement in Australia. They have pushed most of Lloyd’s insurers to rule out insuring a coal mine that would open up the Galilee Basin and potentially more than double Australia’s current coal exports.
Adani's proposed coal mine is the most environmentally and socially contentious project in Australia's history, the object of years-long resistance from the Wangan and Jagalingou Traditional Owners and the broader community.
Just days after 750 people in the UK joined the Stop Adani movement by writing and calling Lloyd'd insurance companies, the extra pressure helped convince Brit to rule out insuring the Adani coal mine. Now the Stop Adani moment has asked us to pile the pressure on another key Lloyd's insurer - Hiscox.
Hiscox are rumoured to be sitting on an unreleased coal policy, that could see them stopping insuring all new coal mines. We want them to realise their policy ahead of the 3rd March, when they announce their annual profits.
Help #StopAdani get in touch with top Lloyd's insurer Hiscox now!
Get in contact via Hiscox via LinkedIn, Phone or even Google calenders!
Welcome to the bottom of the barrel! If you have a risky, slow, expensive project, the big insurance companies won’t insure you alone. So you go to Lloyd’s. Lloyd’s is an insurance marketplace. Within the marketplace are lots of small insurance companies. When you bring your project to Lloyd’s, Lloyd’s goes to each of the small insurance companies, cobbling together the insurance that you need, spreading the risk of your project out.
There are only a few Lloyd’s insurers who have failed to rule out insuring Adani, such as Arch, Brit and Hiscox.
Once you've signed up we'll give the numbers and a suggested script to help you with the call.
Some numbers are marked as LEAVE MESSAGE, these you won't speak to anyone but will have a chance to leave a message for when they get back in the office. If you are happy to speak to someone in person then you can call the ones marked SPEAK IN PERSON. If you have got time to both that would be great.
We're looking for a new team member to work with us October 2020 - April/May 2021!
You'll play a key role in accelerating the end of coal-fired power in the UK, in a way that strengthens the environmental justice movement and centres communities on the front lines of extraction.
You'll have experience of sustained grassroots campaigning and/or community organising with or in support of communities and have a proven commitment to climate justice.
We can train you up in practical campaign skills, and we hope we can learn a lot from you as well.
Before you apply
Please download the Recruitment Pack and read the Job Description and Person Specification carefully. We will offer you an interview based on the extent to which you meet the Person Specification.
RECRUITMENT PACK contains all the details about the role including the Job Description and Person Specification. Read this before you apply: Recruitment Pack_Campaigner Maternity_Coal Action Network
EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES MONITORING FORM: Please complete and return with your application: Coal Action Network Equality-and-diversity-monitoring-form
To apply
Please send the following to isobel@coalaction.org.uk no later than midnight 24.09.20
1. A covering letter (maximum 2 pages) to explain:
How you meet the Person Specification, giving examples of your experience.
Why you want to work with Coal Action Network as Campaigner (Maternity Cover)
2. Name and contact details of two referees
3. Completed Equal Opportunities Monitoring Form
Please do NOT send us a CV with your application.